Breast Enhancement Surgery

Breast enlargement surgery, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), was the fourth most popular invasive surgical procedure among cosmetic plastic surgeries performed in 2000. In a press release dated July 12, 2001, the ASPS says that breast augmentation was performed on 212,500 women last year.
Meanwhile, millions of women have been subjected to the ill effects of these modern day vanity contraptions that were bought in good faith.

Remember!!

Silicone gel implants were banned in 1992 by FDA.

If you have (or had) a ruptured silicone breast implant, you will be denied Health Insurance Coverage.

Saline-filled implants tend to have a higher rate of leaking and deflation than silicone gel implants, which means more frequent surgery to replace them.

In a study published in the Lancet medical journal, Dr Lori Brown of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) says: "There is emerging consensus that both the incidence and prevalence of breast-implant rupture are much higher than previously suspected."

21% overall increase in cancers for women with implants, compared to women of the same age in the general population.

Implant patients were three times as likely to die from lung cancer, emphysema and pneumonia as other plastic surgery patients.The study is based on medical records and death certificates of almost 8,000 women with breast implants, including silicone gel implants and saline implants, and more than 2,000 other plastic surgery patients. ( National Cancer Institute (NCI), Boston University, Abt Associates, and the Food and Drug Administration, with Dr. Louise Brinton from NCI as lead author. )

For more information visit: BREAST ACTIVITIES



DOES YOUR PRESCRIPTION AFFECTS YOUR PREGNENCY AND YOUR BABY DEFINED BY FDA U.S.A? CHECK THIS OUT

FAQ on Extended Nursing

Doesn't the milk lose its goodness past one year?


No, the milk remains virtually the same. The changes that take place in the milk are designed to accomodate the child's new dependence on solids, and lesser milk intake. During weaning, the milk changes yet again, turning salty and higher in minerals.

Isn't nursing past two years sexual abuse?

No, sexual abuse occurs when inappropriate touching takes place. Because the breast is not a sexual organ, breastfeeding a baby or child is not sexual abuse. In fact, this is a common misconception because many western societies place a sexual value on the breast. While the breast, male or female, may be used in sexual relations, there is nothing inherantly sexual about the breast. Biologically, it has nerve endings which are sensitive. These nerve endings help enhance the mother-infant bond by ensuring a good latch. The fact that there are other uses for the breast is not really germane to breastfeeding. An apt, if unpleasant, comparison is that most normal men do not derive sexual pleasure from urination, despite the fact that they are using a sexual organ. In fact, you may be surprised to know that statistically, breastfeeding mothers have been shown to sexually abuse their children less often. Experts say that the deepened bond between many mothers and their nurslings makes abuse less likely.

Doesn't nursing a toddler make him or her clingy?

There is evidence that nursing makes a toddler less clingy (although more attached) than his weaned peers. Breastfed toddlers may be more secure, perhaps because they have come to rely on their mothers as a solid source of comfort, and know that mother can be depended on when needed.

I want more children, what about my fertility while breastfeeding?

Breastfeeding will delay fertility, and for some women, decrease their libido. The good news is that fertility will return for most women despite nursing a two or three year old. The fertility reducing affect of breastfeeding varies from woman to woman.

The idea of nursing an older baby makes me uncomfortable. Why do people nurse older babies?

Most women don't begin their nursing relationship with their infant with the idea of nursing for a set number of months. As many women approach what they thought was the "ideal" weaning time, they begin to question why weaning at that age had seemed like such a good idea when they can clearly see the benefits of continuing to nurse. Many women begin to ask, why should I wean when my toddler so clearly benefits? My toddler's anxieties and bumps and bruises are so easily soothed by nursing. Putting him or her to bed is a breeze, and grumpy mornings just don't happen when he or she wakes with a nurse.

I can't imagine breastfeeding an 18 month old in public! Will they be asking to nurse at the grocery store?

This is *so* dependent on the child; however, many toddlers lose their love of nursing round the clock, and are way too busy exploring their world to nurse when in public. Toddlers can also be taught polite ways to ask for nursing. A hand gesture can be a secret way to ask to nurse rather than pulling on a shirt for the preverbal toddler. And toddlers will call nursing whatever you call it - nummies are a discreet word that only another nursing mother might recognize:) Some moms are also comfortable establishing a no nursing in public policy. And of course, some moms find that there is no reason not to nurse an older child in public.

Don't moms who nurse older children want some time to themselves?

Of course they do, they have needs for privacy and needs for social time away from their family just like any mother, independent of whether they are nursing or not. The breast is an amazing organ, and as the months go by, breasts are less and less prone to problems such as engorgement, plugged ducts, or mastitis at time apart from nursing. And for moms who do want more than a few hours, pumping when (or *if* engorged) will generally work just fine.

If I don't set a weaning date, when will my toddler wean?

That depends on your toddler and you. Many will self wean if you direct a weaning strategy of not nursing except upon request. Others may need encouragement if you decide you are ready to wean before they do. Just be sure to let the weaning take place slowly, and expect a few setbacks along the way. Most moms report that it is easier to wean an older child than a younger. And still other moms report that their child weaned before they (the mother) was ready!

I can see the advantages of nursing an older child, but I'm planning on returning to work.

Actually, it's very easy to continue a nursing relationship with a toddler and go back to work. Because the breasts are less prone to engorgement, most mothers can simply nurse in the morning before leaving and as soon as they get home. Moms who go back to work early simply begin dropping pumping sessions as their toddler begins solids and other liquids. Moms who've gone back to work and continued nursing tend to feel better about their work experiences, knowing that they are still providing their baby with the best, despite being separated for part of the day. And mothers who continue to nurse find that they have to take fewer sick days, as their child gets sick less often because of the immune-enhancing effect of breastmilk.

I can see the advantages for my baby. What are the advantages for me?

Mothers who nurse continue to receive the hormones of letdown, which relax the mother and help her continue to bond with her child, which can be clearly beneficial in the second year with those sometimes hard to love toddlers! Also, stress levels are reduced in mothers who nurse, making coping with small children (or a busy work day for working mothers) even easier. Mothers who nurse 24 months or more over their lifetime have a 25% lowered chance of developing breast cancer than their bottlefeeding peers. Mothers who nurse also have reduced fertility, which many consider an advantage. Mothers who nurse continue to need extra calories, although fewer than in the first year, which is an advantage to all but those who need to gain weight. And of course, many women consider the appearance of their breasts to be better before they have weaned. Mothers who nurse also have an additional parenting weapon in their arsenal, namely the ability to calm and comfort an angry or out of control toddler, that can't always be done in any other way.
DOWNLOAD STUNNING HD SCREENSAVERS FREE!

Upping Milk Supply, or, Don't Sniff the Jasmine!

Did you know applying jasmine flowers on your breasts is an ancient way to dry up your milk? Several studies have confirmed the effects. Seems like it's a good idea for nursing mothers to find another favorite fragrance beside jasmine!


Onto milk supply. It's one of the most frequently asked questions of a breastfeeding mom. How can I up my milk supply? Low milk supply is also the number one reason why women wean here in America.

First, a mother must determine that she actually HAS a low milk supply. In the early weeks, a baby not gaining weight quickly with a breastfeeding mom is about just as likely to suffer from an oversupply of milk. When you have an oversupply of milk, baby's diapers may be green instead of yellow, and baby may suffer from extra gas. Sometimes moms will have very strong letdowns and squirt across the room and soak a towel before they can latch baby on. Normally, this condition betters with time, but there are tricks (like not switching breasts as often) to better the situation more rapidly.

For true undersupply, in the early weeks, is your baby wetting 5-6 disposables (or 6-8 cloth)? Can you hear the baby swallowing? Is the baby's weight gain adequate over the past month? Frequency and duration of nursing is not a very good indicator of milk supply. Some older, exclusively breastfed babies nurse as little as 4 times a day, while others nip 20 or more times in a day.

To up your supply,

Nurse, nurse, nurse! Allow baby full access to the breast, and never switch breasts until baby comes off himself (or herself).

Consider night nursing - using a family bed can help stimulate supply. The hormones at night "recharge" your milk supply, so try to get a good night's rest as well!

Drink adequate fluids, and get plenty of rest. Exercise if you can manage it.

Fenugreek and Mother's Milk tea are both measures that have been used with reported success. Here at The Nursing Baby we offer a nursing tea, and three herbal supplements (More Milk Plus, More Milk Two (for pregnant nursing mothers), and Goat's Rue (this one I love!). Milk Increasers

Consult a lactation consultant or your friendly LLL leader if these measures do not help.
DOWNLOAD STUNNING HD SCREENSAVERS FREE!

Breastfeeding and childhood asthma

Breastmilk, the first food


Breastmilk promotes normal infant development because it is the natural extension of life after the womb. The human baby, the slowest growing of all mammals, thought to be because of its brain, is considered by some to be born 'prematurely'. Breastfeeding provides immediate nurturing and security beyond the womb as well as continuation of nourishment, protection from disease and maternal bonding which makes the transference to the outside world safer and less harsh.

Breastmilk reduces illness

It is thought that the protective components in human milk are directly responsible for reducing the incidence of many illnesses in infancy and childhood including acute diarrhoea, lower respiratory tract infections, and ear infections. In addition, there is evidence that breastfeeding protects against less common illnesses such as necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), bacterial meningitis, botulism, urinary tract infections and sudden infant death syndrome. In the longer term, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease and childhood lymphoma are also less common in children who were breastfed.

Why is breastfeeding important?

Breastfeeding is important for the health of babies because they have immature immune systems and breastmilk provides the baby with its mother's antibodies and other defence factors. Human milk provides many protective factors that can enhance the immune system of the newborn child against infection, offering the immediate protection of antibodies and cells involved in fighting infection, as well as growth factors that continue to develop the baby's own immunity.

The antibodies in breastmilk are important in the protection against infection because they are directed against bacteria, fungi, viruses and other antigenic substances to which the mother has been recently exposed. In addition, mother's milk contains lactoferrin that has an anti-inflammatory action; lysozyme that attacks the walls of certain bacteria; oligosaccharides (complex sugars) that prevent binding of toxic substances to the cells lining the airway and fats that have an antibacterial action. As well, breastmilk contains a number of specific factors that promote growth and maturation of the baby's immune system. Thus breastfeeding provides health benefits for all infants in ways that infant formula cannot.

What is the risk of asthma?

Asthma is the leading cause of hospitalisation in Australian children and its prevalence is increasing. Susceptibility to asthma is influenced by events occurring early in life and reported risk factors include being male, being born with a low birthweight or preterm, young maternal age, maternal smoking and exposure to house dust mite or pollen. Breastfeeding as a protective factor for asthma has been the subject of controversy for many years, with recent publications reporting either protection or no effect of breastfeeding.

Furthermore, early exposure to respiratory infections may protect against asthma whereas some infections may be a definite risk. Breastfeeding protects against infection in infants, but this protection has not been consistently demonstrated. Differences in research design and analytic methods have complicated the interpretation of many studies. Also researchers need to take into account other factors in the lives of their subjects that might affect their results, for example, women in Australia who breastfeed tend to be better educated and have higher incomes.

The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study

Because of the controversy in the literature an epidemiological prospective cohort study was necessary. This is a type of study that looks at the determinants of disease in defined populations and collects information as it happens in a group of babies and children, rather than looking back at what has happened in the past. This way the researchers could follow children from birth throughout the first years of life and collect accurate information on early infant feeding, respiratory tract illness and asthma later in childhood. Just such a study existed at the TVW Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and was known as the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study. A total of 2,979 children were enrolled by 18 weeks of pregnancy (ie before birth) and 2,602 children remained in the study at six years of age.

Because asthma in children is complex it must be defined carefully. Our definitions of asthma at six years of age included current asthma diagnosed by a doctor, wheeze and sleep disturbance due to wheeze. A child was considered to be atopic (allergic) if the result of a skin prick test to common environmental allergens was positive. Asthma was diagnosed in 31% of the children, 12% had wheezing severe enough to disturb sleep and 41% had a positive skin prick test

Exposure to breastfeeding was measured in two ways - firstly, as the duration of any breastfeeding and secondly as the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding was defined by the age that any non-human milk was introduced. Statistical analysis consistently indicated that the age other milk was introduced (duration of exclusive breastfeeding) was the more important factor, when both breastfeeding exposures were measured.

Breastfeeding protects against respiratory illness and asthma

The results of the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study indicated that the introduction of infant formula before four months of age was significantly associated with an increased risk of lower respiratory tract illness and infections, ear infections, asthma and allergy. In addition, being male, being born at less than 37 weeks gestational age and any parental smoking were associated with an increased risk of asthma in children.

It appears that breastfeeding protects against asthma by protecting against respiratory tract illness and infection. An interesting yet disturbing finding of our research is that a child is more likely to be hospitalised in the first five years of life if infant formula is introduced before four months of age. This was true for any respiratory tract illness or infection including bronchiolitis, the need for grommets for recurrent ear infections and asthma.

An infant's first food is likely to be the most significant environmental exposure in the first few months of life. Other studies have shown protection by breastfeeding against gastrointestinal illness and many other diseases. As demonstrated in our studies, mother's milk in the newborn period provides significant protection against respiratory tract disease in infancy and childhood. Breastfeeding provides subtle and not-so-subtle protection against infections which may ultimately affect the child's asthma risk.

How does breastfeeding protect against respiratory illness and subsequent asthma?

The question of how breastfeeding protects is complex, due to the immunologic and other nutritional benefits in the milk. The lungs may be protected in a number of ways. Because small droplets of milk naturally enter the baby's airways and lungs during feeding, antibodies and other protective factors in the milk are delivered to the respiratory tract and protect against respiratory infection. Indeed, stomach contents of breastfed infants have antibacterial and antiviral activity, possibly as a result of breakdown of the milk fat in the infant's stomach, which produces free fatty acids. These fatty acids in breastmilk have a protective effect that reduces the risk of infection in the lungs.

Specific components in human milk may promote maturation of the immune system. There are large numbers of active white cells (the cells that fight infection) and these release biologically active chemicals into the digestive system and surrounding tissues, which influence the developing immune system. Of note is that exclusively breastfed babies have significantly larger thymus glands during infancy than babies fed infant formula. The thymus gland sits above the heart and is the primary central gland of the immune system in a baby, so the difference in size of this gland is likely to have significant effects upon the development of an optimal immune system.

Furthermore, lung development is aided by growth factors in human milk. The specific biologically active factors in mother's milk promote airway and lung growth in the infant and hence indirectly protect against wheeze, the major symptom of asthma.

Diet and asthma

With respect to the functioning of the immune system, there is growing interest in the role of certain dietary fat components. These are more commonly known as the omega-3 fatty acids. The fact that human milk is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and infant formula is not, is cause for concern. The omega-3 fatty acids are also found in fish oils and these are required in important metabolic pathways in the body when it mounts an inflammatory response.

It is interesting that children who eat fresh fish at least once a week are less likely to experience asthma. Furthermore, a lactating mother can transfer additional nutrients to her baby through her milk if she eats plenty of fresh fish (preferably oily fish such as mullet, salmon and tuna) or other foods high in the omega-3 fatty acids, such as linseed, sunflower and almonds. Also very valuable in this context are foods with antioxidant nutrients (vitamins C and E, zinc, selenium) such as fresh fruit, vegetables, whole grains and legumes. A mother's diet should be varied and the balance should not be compromised in favour of any one food group.

Rates of breastfeeding

In Australia, rates of breastfeeding are better than some other developed countries with 58% of babies breastfed at four months. In the United States, rates are 60% at three months and 20% at six months, and in the UK just 25% of babies are breastfed at four months. Although Australian rates are better than others they are far from ideal. In Scandinavian countries up to 80% of babies are breastfed at three months of age, suggesting that if sufficient resources are invested in breastfeeding public health promotion programs, rates can increase.

A number of complex factors are involved in the low rates of breastfeeding, including a consistent association between maternal smoking and shorter duration of breastfeeding, hospital practices of separation of mother and baby and early introduction of complementary feeding with infant formula. There is evidence too, to suggest that fathers play an important role in the breastfeeding decision and that intended duration of breastfeeding is a strong predictor of actual duration. It is of major concern that downward trends in breastfeeding have occurred in developing countries, especially in urban regions, where infant formula feeding in early life is particularly risky healthwise.

A public health perspective

Breastmilk is specifically suited to the needs of human babies and it is known that breastmilk substitutes increase the risk of illness in children. From a public health perspective, it is important for mothers to know about the long-term health effects of breastfeeding and that the benefits for the child last well beyond the breastfeeding period. In the year 2000, Australia's goals in this area are to achieve 90% breastfeeding on discharge from hospital, 60% fully breastfed at three months of age and 50% fully breastfed at six months of age.

Achieving these goals will require the continuing wide promotion of breastfeeding and the further implementation of strategies to support all women. Strategies should include the provision of facilities for breastfeeding mothers in the workplace, flexible work options and a breastfeeding policy in the workplace. Public health strategies which actively involve local health care agencies in the further promotion of breastfeeding could help protect the majority of babies from early exposure to infant formula feeds, and provide support for all mothers who choose to breastfeed.

There is increasing evidence of the role of early infant diet in the prevention of systemic and allergic illnesses, such as asthma, throughout childhood. Reaching the Australian goals for breastfeeding rates will bring improvements in infant and child health, benefits for the environment and economical benefits for families and within the community


DOWNLOAD STUNNING HD SCREENSAVERS FREE!

Breastfeeding - The Natural Choice

Breastfeeding - The Natural Choice


Having a baby means making many choices. One of the most important and far-reaching ones you make is about the way you will feed your new baby.

As parents we want to make the best choice we can in everything we do for our children. And breastfeeding IS the natural choice.

The special loving bond between you and your breastfed baby is only the beginning.

As you watch your baby grow and develop, fed only on your breastmilk, you can be proud of your body's ability to continue nourishing your baby as it did during your pregnancy.

In the past, no decision needed to be made. A mother gave birth and then fed her baby the breastmilk nature provided. Last century science became involved and mothers were led to believe they now had an easy choice between two equals - breastmilk or infant formula.


At times, mothers were even convinced that infant formula was superior to breastmilk. Breastfeeding wasn't always encouraged - it wasn't seen to be important. Research shows us that this is not true. In fact, breastfeeding is very important.

BREASTMILK IS AN IRREPLACEABLE GIFT A MOTHER CAN GIVE TO HER BABY. IT IS THE START IN LIFE THAT NATURE INTENDED A BABY TO HAVE.

Breastfeeding...

protects your baby from illness and infection

provides the correct food for your growing baby

aids the development of your baby's eyesight, speech and intelligence

promotes a special loving bond between mother and baby

Babies who are not breastfed…

have a higher risk of cot death

have an increased likelihood of allergy

cost more money - you need to buy expensive infant formulas and feeding equipment. Non-breastfed babies are more likely to fall ill, costing more to the family and the community in medical bills

are less environmentally friendly - in terms of fuel, energy and resources needed for artificial feeding

It helps to know:

Most babies have a strong need to suck when they are first born, so you can start breastfeeding straight away if you are both well.

The more milk your baby takes from the breast, the more milk your breast will make.

To establish a good milk supply let your baby feed frequently, whenever he wakes or seems hungry. Allow him to finish the first breast before offering the second side.

Breastmilk is easily digested. It is normal for young babies to feed frequently, including night feeds. This helps your supply too.

Babies breastfeed for comfort and closeness as well as to satisfy their hunger and thirst.

There is no need to avoid any specific foods while you are breastfeeding. There are no magic foods that increase the milk supply - a sensible, well-balanced diet is the key.

Many women successfully combine breastfeeding and work outside the home.

As your baby grows, your breastmilk changes to meet his developing needs - your breastmilk is always the right food for your baby.

Breastfeeding

- The Natural Choice for Babies

Breastmilk contains all the nutrients your baby needs for at least the first six months of his life and continues to be the most important part of his diet throughout the first year, supplying half or more of his nutrients till his first birthday and up to one third to his second birthday.

The colostrum your baby receives in the first few days, and the breastmilk that follows, contain antibodies that provide resistance to infection.

The unique combination of fatty acids and other components in breastmilk contribute to optimal brain development, so lack of these in artificially-fed babies may result in lower intelligence.

Ensuring your baby has only breastmilk for at least six months may help minimise allergy problems.

Breastfeeding provides optimal development for infants' eyesight, speech, jaw and oral cavity development.

Non-breastfed babies have a lower resistance to disease and are more likely to become sick. Apart from the health benefits, breastfeeding means fewer doctors' visits and less time in hospital with illness.

Lack of breastfeeding is linked with a higher risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS or 'cot death').

Non-breastfed babies are more likely to develop ear infections.

Artificial feeding may increase the risk of a baby developing juvenile diabetes in the future. It may also increase the risk of heart disease.

Breastfeeding

- The Natural Choice for Mothers

Breastfeeding helps your body return to its pre-pregnant state more quickly. Many women also find they lose excess weight while breastfeeding.

Women who have not breastfed their babies have an increased risk of cancer of the breast and ovaries, heart disease and osteoporosis.

Breastfeeding can delay the return of menstruation for many women. Apart from convenience, this saves money and lessens the impact of tampons and sanitary napkins on the environment.

Breastfeeding's contraceptive effect can delay the return of fertility in many women, who exclusively breastfeed their babies of less than six months of age, and have not recommenced their menstrual cycle. This is known as the Lactational Amenorrhea Method of contraception, and is successful in approximately 98% of women. If a woman has an unchanging vaginal mucus pattern, there is minimal risk of ovulation, but if the pattern changes, she may need to seek advice if wishing to avoid pregnancy.

Breastfeeding is usually easy and convenient. Breastfed babies are very portable and you have instant, pre-warmed, ready-to-serve food wherever you go.

Breastfeeding

- The Natural Choice for our Environment

The production and feeding of breastmilk have a far lower impact on our environment and world resources than ANY alternative feeding method.

Breastfeeding saves food resources, fuel and energy.

No packaging is required and no chemicals are needed for preparation or disinfection
DOWNLOAD STUNNING HD SCREENSAVERS FREE!

How many women attempt breastfeeding?

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control:


70% of new mothers initiate breastfeeding

36% are breastfeeding at 6 months

17% are breastfeeding at 12 months

(Numbers are for the United States only, and come from a 2003 survey.)




DOWNLOAD STUNNING HD SCREENSAVERS FREE!

How to start breastfeeding

The first time you hold your newborn in the delivery room, put his lips to your breast. Your mature milk hasn't come in yet, but your breasts are producing a substance called colostrum that will help protect your baby from infection.

Try not to panic if your newborn seems to have trouble finding or staying on your nipple. Breastfeeding is an art that requires patience and lots of practice. No one will expect you to be an expert in the beginning, so don't hesitate to ask a nurse to show you what to do while you're in the hospital. (If you have a premature baby, you may not be able to nurse right away, but you should start pumping your milk. Your baby will receive this milk through a tube or a bottle until he's strong enough to nurse.)

Once you get started, remember that nursing shouldn't be painful. Pay attention to how your breasts feel when your baby latches on. His mouth should cover a big part of the areola below the nipple, and your nipple should be far back in your baby's mouth. If latch-on hurts, break the suction — by inserting your little finger between your baby's gums and your nipple — and try again. Once your baby latches on properly, he'll do the rest.






DOWNLOAD STUNNING HD SCREENSAVERS FREE!

Breast Feeding -8

Exclusive breastfeeding


Two 25ml samples of human breast milk. The left hand sample is foremilk, the watery milk coming from a full breast. The right hand sample is hindmilk, the creamy milk coming from a nearly empty breast.[77]Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as "an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type (no water, no juice, no nonhuman milk, and no foods) except for vitamins, minerals, and medications."[8] National and international guidelines recommend that all infants be breastfed exclusively for the first six months of life. Breastfeeding may continue with the addition of appropriate foods, for two years or more. Exclusive breastfeeding has dramatically reduced infant deaths in developing countries by reducing diarrhea and infectious diseases. It has also been shown to reduce HIV transmission from mother to child, compared to mixed feeding.

Exclusively breastfed infants feed anywhere from 6 to 14 times a day. Newborns consume from 30 to 90 ml (1 to 3 US fluid ounces) per feed. After the age of four weeks, babies consume about 120ml (4 US fluid ounces) per feed. Each baby is different, but as it grows the amount will increase. It is important to recognize the baby's hunger signs. It is assumed that the baby knows how much milk it needs and it is therefore advised that the baby should dictate the number, frequency, and length of each feed. The supply of milk from the breast is determined by the number and length of these feeds or the amount of milk expressed. The birth weight of the baby may affect its feeding habits, and mothers may be influenced by what they perceive its requirements to be. For example, a baby born small for gestational age may lead a mother to believe that her child needs to feed more than if it larger; they should, however, go by the demands of the baby rather than what they feel is necessary.

While it can be hard to measure how much food a breastfed baby consumes, babies normally feed to meet their own requirements. Babies that fail to eat enough may exhibit symptoms of failure to thrive. If necessary, it is possible to estimate feeding from wet and soiled nappies (diapers): 8 wet cloth or 5–6 wet disposable, and 2–5 soiled per 24 hours suggests an acceptable amount of input for newborns older than 5–6 days old. After 2–3 months, stool frequency is a less accurate measure of adequate input as some normal infants may go up to 10 days between stools. Babies can also be weighed before and after feeds.

Expressing breast milk

Manual breast pumpWhen direct breastfeeding is not possible, a mother can express (artificially remove and store) her milk. With manual massage or using a breast pump, a woman can express her milk and keep it in freezer storage bags, a supplemental nursing system, or a bottle ready for use. Breast milk may be kept at room temperature for up to ten hours, refrigerated for up to eight days or frozen for up to four to six months. Research suggests that the antioxidant activity in expressed breast milk decreases over time but it still remains at higher levels than in infant formula.

Expressing breast milk can maintain a mother's milk supply when she and her child are apart. If a sick baby is unable to feed, expressed milk can be fed through a nasogastric tube.

Expressed milk can also be used when a mother is having trouble breastfeeding, such as when a newborn causes grazing and bruising. If an older baby bites the nipple, the mother's reaction - a jump and a cry of pain - is usually enough to discourage the child from biting again.

"Exclusively expressing", "exclusively pumping" and "EPing" are terms for a mother who feeds her baby exclusively on her breastmilk while not physically breastfeeding. This may arise because her baby is unable or unwilling to latch on to the breast. With good pumping habits, particularly in the first 12 weeks when the milk supply is being established, it is possible to produce enough milk to feed the baby for as long as the mother wishes. Kellymom has a page of links relating to exclusive pumping.

It is generally advised to delay using a bottle to feed expressed breast milk until the baby is 4–6 weeks old and is good at sucking directly from the breast. As sucking from a bottle takes less effort, babies can lose their desire to suck from the breast. This is called nursing strike or nipple confusion. To avoid this when feeding expressed breast milk (EBM) before 4–6 weeks of age, it is recommended that breast milk be given by other means such as feeding spoons or feeding cups. Also, EBM should be given by someone other than the breastfeeding mother (or wet nurse), so that the baby can learn to associate direct feeding with the mother (or wet nurse) and associate bottle feeding with other people.[citation needed]

Some women donate their expressed breast milk (EBM) to others, either directly or through a milk bank. Though historically the use of wet nurses was common, some women dislike the idea of feeding their own child with another woman's milk; others appreciate being able to give their baby the benefits of breast milk. Feeding expressed breast milk—either from donors or the baby's own mother—is the feeding method of choice for premature babies. The transmission of some viral diseases through breastfeeding can be prevented by expressing breast milk and subjecting it to Holder pasteurisation.

Mixed feeding

Expressed breast milk (EBM) or infant formula can be fed to an infant by bottlePredominant or mixed breastfeeding means feeding breast milk along with infant formula, baby food and even water, depending on the age of the child. Babies feed differently with artificial teats than from a breast. With the breast, the infant's tongue massages the milk out rather than sucking, and the nipple does not go as far into the mouth; with an artificial teat, an infant will suck harder and the milk may come in more rapidly. Therefore, mixing breastfeeding and bottle-feeding (or using a pacifier) before the baby is used to feeding from its mother can result in the infant preferring the bottle to the breast. Orthodontic teats, which are generally slightly longer, are closer to the nipple. Some mothers supplement feed with a small syringe or flexible cup to reduce the risk of artificial nipple preference.

Tandem breastfeeding

Feeding two children at the same time is called tandem breastfeeding The most common reason for tandem breastfeeding is the birth of twins, although women with closely spaced children can and do continue to nurse the older as well as the younger. As the appetite and feeding habits of each baby may not be the same, this could mean feeding each according to their own individual needs, and can also include breastfeeding them together, one on each breast.

In cases of triplets or more, it is a challenge for a mother to organize feeding around the appetites of all the babies. While breasts can respond to the demand and produce large quantities of milk, it is common for women to use alternatives. However, some mothers have been able to breastfeed triplets successfully.

Tandem breastfeeding may also occur when a woman has a baby while breastfeeding an older child. During the late stages of pregnancy the milk will change to colostrum, and some older nurslings will continue to feed even with this change, while others may wean due to the change in taste or drop in supply. Feeding a child while being pregnant with another can also be considered a form of tandem feeding for the nursing mother, as she also provides the nutrition for two.

Extended breastfeeding

Breastfeeding past two years is called "full term breastfeeding" or extended breastfeeding or "sustained breastfeeding" by supporters and those outside the U.S. Supporters of extended breastfeeding believe that all the benefits of human milk, nutritional, immunological and emotional, continue for as long as a child nurses. Often the older child will nurse infrequently or sporadically as a way of bonding with the mother.[citation needed]

Shared breastfeeding

Main article: Wet nurse

It used to be common worldwide, and still is in developing nations such as those in Africa, for more than one woman to breastfeed a child. Shared breastfeeding is a risk factor for HIV infection in infants. A woman who is engaged to breastfeed another's baby is known as a wet nurse. Islam has codified the relationship between this woman and the infants she nurses, and also between the infants when they grow up, so that milk siblings are considered as blood siblings and cannot marry (mahram). Shared breastfeeding can incur strong negative reactions in the Anglosphere; American feminist activist Jennifer Baumgardner has written about her experiences in New York with this issue.

Weaning

Weaning is the process of introducing the infant to other food and reducing the supply of breast milk. The infant is fully weaned when it no longer receives any breast milk. Most mammals stop producing the enzyme lactase at the end of weaning, and become lactose intolerant. Humans often have a mutation, with frequency depending primarily on ethnic background, that allows the production of lactase throughout life and so can drink milk - usually cow or goat milk - well beyond infancy.

In the past, bromocriptine was sometimes used to reduce the engorgement experienced by many women during weaning. However, it was discovered that when used for this purpose, this medication posed serious health risks to women such as stroke and seizures, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration withdrew this indication for the drug in 1994.

Breast Feeding -7

Methods and considerations


There are many books and videos to advise mothers about breastfeeding. Lactation consultants in hospitals or private practice, and volunteer organisations of breastfeeding mothers such as La Leche League International also provide advice and support.



Early breastfeeding

In the half hour after birth, the baby's suckling reflex is strongest, and the baby is more alert, so it is the ideal time to start breastfeeding.[68] Early breast-feeding is associated with fewer nighttime feeding problems.[69]



Time and place for breastfeeding

Breastfeeding at least every two to three hours helps to maintain milk production. For most women, eight breastfeeding or pumping sessions every 24 hours keeps their milk production high.[8][not in citation given] Newborn babies may feed more often than this: 10 to 12 breastfeeding sessions every 24 hours is common, and some may even feed 18 times a day.[70] Feeding a baby "on demand" (sometimes referred to as "on cue"), means feeding when the baby shows signs of hunger; feeding this way rather than by the clock helps to maintain milk production and ensure the baby's needs for milk and comfort are being met.[citation needed] However, it may be important to recognize whether a baby is truly hungry, as breastfeeding too frequently may mean the child receives a disproportionately high amount of foremilk, and not enough hindmilk.[71]



"Experienced breastfeeding mothers learn that the sucking patterns and needs of babies vary. While some infants' sucking needs are met primarily during feedings, other babies may need additional sucking at the breast soon after a feeding even though they are not really hungry. Babies may also nurse when they are lonely, frightened or in pain."[72]

"Comforting and meeting sucking needs at the breast is nature's original design. Pacifiers (dummies, soothers) are a substitute for the mother when she can't be available. Other reasons to pacify a baby primarily at the breast include superior oral-facial development, prolonged lactational amenorrhea, avoidance of nipple confusion and stimulation of an adequate milk supply to ensure higher rates of breastfeeding success."

Rooming-in bassinetMost US states now have laws that allow a mother to breastfeed her baby anywhere she is allowed to be. In hospitals, rooming-in care permits the baby to stay with the mother and improves the ease of breastfeeding. Some commercial establishments provide breastfeeding rooms, although laws generally specify that mothers may breastfeed anywhere, without requiring them to go to a special area.

Latching on, feeding and positioning

This article contains instructions, advice, or how-to content. The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts, not to train. Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how-to content or by moving it to Wikiversity or Wikibooks. (September 2008)

Correct positioning and technique for latching on can prevent nipple soreness and allow the baby to obtain enough milk. The "rooting reflex" is the baby's natural tendency to turn towards the breast with the mouth open wide; mothers sometimes make use of this by gently stroking the baby's cheek or lips with their nipple in order to induce the baby to move into position for a breastfeeding session, then quickly moving baby onto the breast while baby's mouth is wide open. In order to prevent nipple soreness and allow the baby to get enough milk, a large part of the breast and areola need to enter the baby's mouth. To help the baby latch on well, tickle the baby's top lip with the nipple, wait until the baby's mouth opens wide, then bring the baby up towards the nipple quickly, so that the baby has a mouthful of nipple and areola. The nipple should be at the back of the baby's throat, with the baby's tongue lying flat in its mouth. Inverted or flat nipples can be massaged so that the baby will have more to latch onto. Resist the temptation to move towards the baby, as this can lead to poor attachment.

Pain in the nipple or breast is linked to incorrect breastfeeding techniques. Failure to latch on is one of the main reasons for ineffective feeding and can lead to infant health concerns. A 2006 study found that inadequate parental education, incorrect breastfeeding techniques, or both were associated with higher rates of preventable hospital admissions in newborns.

The baby may pull away from the nipple after a few minutes or after a much longer period of time. Normal feeds at the breast can last a few sucks (newborns), from 10 to 20 minutes or even longer (on demand). Sometimes, after the finishing of a breast, the mother may offer the other breast.

While most women breastfeed their child in the cradling position, there are many ways to hold the feeding baby. It depends on the mother and child's comfort and the feeding preference of the baby. Some babies prefer one breast to the other, but the mother should offer both breasts at every nursing with her newborn.

When tandem breastfeeding, the mother is unable to move the baby from one breast to another and comfort can be more of an issue. As tandem breastfeeding brings extra strain to the arms, especially as the babies grow, many mothers of twins recommend the use of more supporting pillows.

Breast Feeding -6

Breastfeeding difficulties


Main article: Breastfeeding difficulties

While breastfeeding is a natural human activity, difficulties are not uncommon. Putting the baby to the breast as soon as possible after the birth helps to avoid many problems. The AAP breastfeeding policy says: "Delay weighing, measuring, bathing, needle-sticks, and eye prophylaxis until after the first feeding is completed." Many breastfeeding difficulties can be resolved with proper hospital procedures, properly trained midwives, doctors and hospital staff, and lactation consultants. There are some situations in which breastfeeding may be harmful to the infant, including infection with HIV and acute poisoning by environmental contaminants such as lead. The Institute of Medicine has reported that breast surgery, including breast implants or breast reduction surgery, reduces the chances that a woman will have sufficient milk to breast feed. Rarely, a mother may not be able to produce breastmilk because of a prolactin deficiency. This may be caused by Sheehan's syndrome, an uncommon result of a sudden drop in blood pressure during childbirth typically due to hemorrhaging. In developed countries, many working mothers do not breast feed their children due to work pressures. For example, a mother may need to schedule for frequent pumping breaks, and find a clean, private and quiet place at work for pumping. These inconveniences may cause mothers to give up on breast feeding and use infant formula instead.

HIV infection

As breastfeeding can transmit HIV from mother to child, UNAIDS recommends avoidance of all breastfeeding where formula feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable and safe. The qualifications are important. Some constituents of breast milk may protect from infection. High levels of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk (including eicosadienoic, arachidonic and gamma-linolenic acids) are associated with a reduced risk of child infection when nursed by HIV-positive mothers. Arachidonic acid and gamma-linolenic acid may also reduce viral shedding of the HIV virus in breast milk. Due to this, in underdeveloped nations infant mortality rates are lower when HIV-positive mothers breastfeed their newborns than when they use infant formula. However, differences in infant mortality rates have not been reported in better resourced areas. Treating infants prophylactically with lamivudine (3TC) can help to decrease the transmission of HIV from mother to child by breastfeeding. If free or subsidized formula is given to HIV-infected mothers, recommendations have been made to minimize the drawbacks such as possible disclosure of the mother's HIV status.

Infant weight gain

Breastfed infants generally gain weight according to the following guidelines:

0–4 months: 170 grams per week†

4–6 months: 113–142 grams per week

6–12 months: 57–113 grams per week

† It is acceptable for some babies to gain 113–142 grams (4–5 ounces) per week. This average is taken from the lowest weight, not the birth weight.

The average breastfed baby doubles its birth weight in 5–6 months. By one year, a typical breastfed baby will weigh about 2½ times its birth weight. At one year, breastfed babies tend to be leaner than bottle fed babies. By two years, differences in weight gain and growth between breastfed and formula-fed babies are no longer evident.

Breast Feeding -5

Long-term health effects


For breastfeeding women, long-term health benefits include:

Less risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer.

A 2009 study indicates long duration of lactation (at least 24 months) is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease.

Although the 2007 review for the AHRQ found "no relationship between a history of lactation and the risk of osteoporosis", mothers who breastfeed longer than eight months benefit from bone re-mineralisation.

Breastfeeding diabetic mothers require less insulin.

Reduced risk of post-partum bleeding.

According to a Malmö University study published in 2009, women who breast fed for a longer duration have a lower risk for contracting rheumatoid arthritis than women who breast fed for a shorter duration or who had never breast fed.

Organisational endorsements

World Health Organization

“ The vast majority of mothers can and should breastfeed, just as the vast majority of infants can and should be breastfed. Only under exceptional circumstances can a mother’s milk be considered unsuitable for her infant. For those few health situations where infants cannot, or should not, be breastfed, the choice of the best alternative – expressed breast milk from an infant’s own mother, breast milk from a healthy wet-nurse or a human-milk bank, or a breast-milk substitute fed with a cup, which is a safer method than a feeding bottle and teat – depends on individual circumstances. ”

The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, after which "infants should receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods while breastfeeding continues for up to two years of age or beyond."

American Academy of Pediatrics

“ Extensive research using improved epidemiologic methods and modern laboratory techniques documents diverse and compelling advantages for infants, mothers, families, and society from breastfeeding and use of human milk for infant feeding. These advantages include health, nutritional, immunologic, developmental, psychologic, social, economic, and environmental benefits. ”

The AAP recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. Furthermore, "breastfeeding should be continued for at least the first year of life and beyond for as long as mutually desired by mother and child."

Breast Feeding -4

A review of the association between breastfeeding and celiac disease (CD) concluded that breast feeding while introducing gluten to the diet reduced the risk of CD. The study was unable to determine if breastfeeding merely delayed symptoms or offered life-long protection.

An initial study at the University of Wisconsin found that women who were breast fed in infancy may have a lower risk of developing breast cancer than those who were not breast fed.

Breastfeeding may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease in later life, as indicated by lower cholesterol and C-reactive protein levels in adult women who had been breastfed as infants. Although a 2001 study suggested that adults who had been breastfed as infants had lower arterial distensibility than adults who had not been breastfed as infants, the 2007 review for the WHO concluded that breastfed infants "experienced lower mean blood pressure" later in life. Nevertheless, the 2007 review for the AHRQ found that "the relationship between breastfeeding and cardiovascular diseases was unclear"

Benefits for mothers

Zanzibari woman breastfeedingBreastfeeding is a cost effective way of feeding an infant, and provides the best nourishment for a child at a small nutrient cost to the mother. Frequent and exclusive breastfeeding can delay the return of fertility through lactational amenorrhea, though breastfeeding is an imperfect means of birth control. During breastfeeding beneficial hormones are released into the mother's body[15] and the maternal bond can be strengthened. Breastfeeding is possible throughout pregnancy, but generally milk production will be reduced at some point.

Bonding

Hormones released during breastfeeding help to strengthen the maternal bond. Teaching partners how to manage common difficulties is associated with higher breastfeeding rates. Support for a mother while breastfeeding can assist in familial bonds and help build a paternal bond between father and child.

If the mother is away, an alternative caregiver may be able to feed the baby with expressed breast milk. The various breast pumps available for sale and rent help working mothers to feed their babies breast milk for as long as they want. To be successful, the mother must produce and store enough milk to feed the child for the time she is away, and the feeding caregiver must be comfortable in handling breast milk.

Hormone release

Breastfeeding releases oxytocin and prolactin, hormones that relax the mother and make her feel more nurturing toward her baby.[48] Breastfeeding soon after giving birth increases the mother's oxytocin levels, making her uterus contract more quickly and reducing bleeding. Pitocin, a synthetic hormone used to make the uterus contract during and after labour, is structurally modelled on oxytocin.

Weight loss

As the fat accumulated during pregnancy is used to produce milk, extended breastfeeding—at least 6 months—can help mothers lose weight. However, weight loss is highly variable among lactating women; monitoring the diet and increasing the amount/intensity of exercise are more reliable ways of losing weight. The 2007 review for the AHRQ found "The effect of breastfeeding in mothers on return-to-pre-pregnancy weight was negligible, and the effect of breastfeeding on postpartum weight loss was unclear."

Natural postpartum infertility

A breastfeeding woman may not ovulate, or have regular periods, during the entire lactation period. The period in which ovulation is absent differs for each woman. This Lactational amenorrhea has been used as an imperfect form of natural contraception, with a greater than 98% effectiveness during the first six months after birth if specific nursing behaviors are followed. It is possible for some women to ovulate within two months after birth while fully breastfeeding.

Breast Feeding -3

Higher intelligence


Studies examining whether breastfeeding in infants is associated with higher intelligence later in life include:



Horwood, Darlow and Mogridge (2001) tested the intelligence quotient (IQ) scores of 280 low birthweight children at seven or eight years of age.[28] Those who were breastfed for more than eight months had verbal IQ scores 6 points higher (which was significantly higher) than comparable children breastfed for less time.[28] They concluded "These findings add to a growing body of evidence to suggest that breast milk feeding may have small long term benefits for child cognitive development."[28]

A 2005 study using data on 2,734 sibling pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health "provide[d] persuasive evidence of a causal connection between breastfeeding and intelligence."[29]

In 2006, Der and colleagues, having performed a prospective cohort study, sibling pairs analysis, and meta-analysis, concluded that "Breast feeding has little or no effect on intelligence in children."[30] The researchers found that "Most of the observed association between breast feeding and cognitive development is the result of confounding by maternal intelligence."[30]

The 2007 review for the AHRQ found "no relationship between breastfeeding in term infants and cognitive performance."[12]

The 2007 review for the WHO concluded "Subjects who were breastfed experienced... higher performance in intelligence tests."[13]

Two initial cohort studies published in 2007 suggest babies with a specific version of the FADS2 gene demonstrated an IQ averaging 7 points higher if breastfed, compared with babies with a less common version of the gene who showed no improvement when breastfed.[31] FADS2 affects the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in human breast milk, such as docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid, which are known to be linked to early brain development.[31] The researchers were quoted as saying "Our findings support the idea that the nutritional content of breast milk accounts for the differences seen in human IQ. But it's not a simple all-or-none connection: it depends to some extent on the genetic makeup of each infant."[32] The researchers wrote "further investigation to replicate and explain this specific gene–environment interaction is warranted."[31]

In "the largest randomized trial ever conducted in the area of human lactation," between 1996 and 1997 maternity hospitals and polyclinics in Belarus were randomized to receive or not receive breastfeeding promotion modeled on the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative.[33] Of 13,889 infants born at these hospitals and polyclinics and followed up in 2002-2005, those who had been born in hospitals and polyclinics receiving breastfeeding promotion had IQs that were 2.9-7.5 points higher (which was significantly higher).[33] Since (among other reasons) a randomized trial should control for maternal IQ, the authors concluded in a 2008 paper that the data "provide strong evidence that prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding improves children's cognitive development."[33]

Diabetes

Infants exclusively breastfed have less chance of developing diabetes mellitus type 1 than peers with a shorter duration of breastfeeding and an earlier exposure to cow milk and solid foods.[12][34] Breastfeeding also appears to protect against diabetes mellitus type 2,[12][13][35][36] at least in part due to its effects on the child's weight.[36]



Obesity

Breastfeeding appears to reduce the risk of extreme obesity in children aged 39 to 42 months. The protective effect of breastfeeding against obesity is consistent, though small, across many studies, and appears to increase with the duration of breastfeeding.

Other long term health effects

In one study, breastfeeding did not appear to offer protection against allergies. However, another study showed breastfeeding to have lowered the risk of asthma, protect against allergies, and provide improved protection for babies against respiratory and intestinal infections.

Breast Feeding -2

Greater immune health


During breastfeeding antibodies pass to the baby. Breast milk contains several anti-infective factors such as bile salt stimulated lipase (protecting against amoebic infections), lactoferrin (which binds to iron and inhibits the growth of intestinal bacteria)and imm unoglobulin A protecting against microorganisms.

Fewer infections

Among the studies showing that breastfed infants have a lower risk of infection than non-breastfed infants are:

In a 1993 University of Texas Medical Branch study, a longer period of breastfeeding was associated with a shorter duration of some middle ear infections (otitis media with effusion) in the first two years of life.

A 1995 study of 87 infants found that breastfed babies had half the incidence of diarrheal illness, 19% fewer cases of any otitis media infection, and 80% fewer prolonged cases of otitis media than formula fed babies in the first twelve months of life.

Breastfeeding appeared to reduce symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections in premature infants up to seven months after release from hospital in a 2002 study of 39 infants.

A 2004 case-control study found that breastfeeding reduced the risk of acquiring urinary tract infections in infants up to seven months of age, with the protection strongest immediately after birth.

The 2007 review for AHRQ found that breastfeeding reduced the risk of acute otitis media, non-specific gastroenteritis, and severe lower respiratory tract infections.

Less tendency to develop allergic diseases (atopy)

In children who are at risk for developing allergic diseases (defined as at least one parent or sibling having atopy), atopic syndrome can be prevented or delayed through exclusive breastfeeding for four months, though these benefits may not be present after four months of age. However, the key factor may be the age at which non-breastmilk is introduced rather than duration of breastfeeding. Atopic dermatitis, the most common form of eczema, can be reduced through exclusive breastfeeding beyond 12 weeks in individuals with a family history of atopy, but when breastfeeding beyond 12 weeks is combined with other foods incidents of eczema rise irrespective of family history.

Protection from SIDS

Breastfed babies have better arousal from sleep at 2–3 months. This coincides with the peak incidence of sudden infant death syndrome.[26] Study conducted in University of Münster has shown that breastfeeding reduces the risk of sudden infant death syndrome by approximately 50% at all ages throughout infancy.

Breast Feeding -1

Breast milk

Main article: Breast milk

Himba woman and child.Not all the properties of breast milk are understood, but its nutrient content is relatively stable. Breast milk is made from nutrients in the mother's bloodstream and bodily stores. Breast milk has just the right amount of fat, sugar, water, and protein that is needed for a baby's growth and development. Because breastfeeding uses an average of 500 calories a day it helps the mother lose weight after giving birth. The composition of breast milk changes depending on how long the baby nurses at each session, as well as on the age of the child. The quality of a mother's breast milk may be compromised by smoking, and drinking.

Benefits for the infant

A woman with her child in Kabala, Sierra Leone in the 1960's.Scientific research, such as the studies summarized in a 2007 review for the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and a 2007 review for the WHO[13], has found many benefits to breastfeeding for the infant. These include:

Less necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acute inflammatory disease in the intestines of infants. Necrosis or death of intestinal tissue may follow. It is mainly found in premature births. In one study of 926 preterm infants, NEC developed in 51 infants (5.5%). The death rate from necrotizing enterocolitis was 26%. NEC was found to be six to ten times more common in infants fed formula exclusively, and three times more common in infants fed a mixture of breast milk and formula, compared with exclusive breastfeeding. In infants born at more than 30 weeks, NC was twenty times more common in infants fed exclusively on formula.[14] A 2007 meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials found "a marginally statistically significant association" between breastfeeding and a reduction in the risk of NEC.

Greater immune health

During breastfeeding antibodies pass to the baby. Breast milk contains several anti-infective factors such as bile salt stimulated lipase (protecting against amoebic infections), lactoferrin (which binds to iron and inhibits the growth of intestinal bacteria) and immunoglobulin A protecting against microorganisms.

White Paper on early symptoms of breast cancer-1

1, In the early stage, some breast cancer patients are not able to touch a clear mass on their breasts, but often feel some isolated discomforts. Especially in post-menopausal women, they sometimes feel the side of the breast pain and mild discomfort, or the side of the shoulders and back shoulder very heavy, sour and painful, and even have difficulty in pulling up her arm on one side.

2, Early breast palpable mass is the size of broad beans, hard, movable,  usually having no obvious pain, but a small number patients will feel paroxysmal pain, dull pain, or tingling.

3, Breast shape changes: visible swelling on the skin, and some parts of skin was orange peel-like, and even edema, discoloration, eczema-like changes and so on.

10 kinds of women most likely to get breast cancer

As modern women, lifestyle, eating habits and environmental factors, new physiological characteristics of female corresponding to these changes emerge. All these provide a breeding ground for the incidence of breast cancer for the following 10 groups of people:

1, breast hyperplasia has been unhealed for many years

Mammary gland hyperplasia is a chronic disease. Although not every case will be malignant breast hyperplasia, there are many links between the two. It is suggested that people fallen in this group need to actively care and treat their breasts.

Tip: Breast hyperplasia patients, who are older and have longer history and larger mass, and the relationship between tumor and menstruation is not obvious, are prone to malignant transformation. In the view of possible malignant breast hyperplasia, it is recommended to improve condition as soon as possible and not delay.

2, repeated abortion surgery

Many women do ask their doctors before flow: how will flow effect on the body? But they generally merely consider physical injury and pain, and do not recognize the insignificant impact of hormonal changes in the body.

3, regular us hormone drugs or cosmetics

Studies have shown that: misuse of health care products containing estrogens may cause breast cancer.

4, there is a family history of breast cancer, regardless the genetic causes and environmental factors

Each of us is on an outstretched branch of his huge FAMILYTREE, which means the health condition of tree trunk will, in varying degrees, affect our future.

5, no breast-feeding or breast-feeding too long

6, obesity or excessive intake of fat

7, mental depression, often angry, or in bad mood

8, long-term exposure to various radiation (computers, mobile phones, etc.)

9, celibacy and without sterile or long time infertile after marriage

10, menarche comes before age 13 or late menopause

In the modern world, new life style leads to new female physiological phenomena, such as early menarche, delayed menopause, infertility and childbearing, etc. which has greatly increased the incidence of breast cancer. Epidemiological studies have shown that children are now nutrient-rich and supplements abusing. Therefore, they universally have early menstruation. Some women try to delay menopause by extension of human puberty. All these cases force the breasts are affected by estrogen too long. In addition, celibacy, short marriage, multiple sex partners, as well as having her first baby older than 30 years old, female patients with breast hyperplasia increased. Although breast hyperplasia is not cancer, it is likely to turn into breast cancer after a long term.

Therefore, breast disease experts remind: Understanding breast health knowledge, changing lifestyles, and curing breast hyperplasia, are the best methods to block breast cancer precancerous lesions and prevent breast cancer.